*作者简介:杨泽伟,武汉大学珞珈特聘教授,法学博士,博士生导师。本文系作者主持承担的教育部“新世纪优秀人才”支持计划项目“国际法上的领土争端解决机制——中国的选择”(项目编号为:NCET-08-0426)的阶段性研究成果。原文发表于《法学杂志》2012年第10期。
[1] T. B. Koh, “A Constitution for the Oceans”, in UN, The Law of the Sea – Official Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea with Annexes and Index, New York 1983, p. xxiii.
[2] See Jonathan I. Charney, Central East Asian Maritime Boundaries and the Law of the Sea, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 89, No. 4, 1995, p. 744.
[3] See Tullio Scovazzi, The Evolution of International Law of the Sea: New Issues, New Challenges, Recueil des Cours (Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law),Vol. 286, 2000, p. 122.
[4] See Tullio Scovazzi, The Evolution of International Law of the Sea: New Issues, New Challenges, Recueil des Cours (Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law),Vol. 286, 2000, p. 201.
[5] 如澳大利亚、俄罗斯、意大利、加拿大、多米尼加共和国、萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜、巴拿马、利比亚、肯尼亚、印度、斯里兰卡、泰国、柬埔寨、越南、菲律宾和中国等。See T. Scovazzi, G. Francalanci, D. Romano and S. Mongardini (eds.), Atlas of the Straight Baselines, Milan 1989.
[6] See Jon M. Van Dyke and Robert A. Brooks, Uninhabited Islands: Their Impact on the Ownership of the Oceans’ Resources, Ocean Development and International Law, Vol. 12, 1983, p. 286; Yann-huei Song, The Application of Article 121 of the Law of the Sea Convention to the Selected Geographical Features Situated in the Pacific Ocean, Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol. 9, 2010, pp. 679-680.
[7] See Jonathan I. Charney, Note and Comment: Rocks That Cannot Sustain Human Habitation, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 93, 1999, p. 868.
[8] See Ian Townsend-Gault, Preventive Diplomacy and Pro-Activity in the South China Sea, Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1998, p. 57.
[9] See Brice M. Clagget, Competing Claims of Vietnam and China in the Vanguard Bank and the Blue Dragon Areas of the South China Sea: Part I, Oil and Gas Law and Taxation Review, 1995. 转引自李金明:《海洋法公约与南海领土争议》,载《南洋问题研究》2005年第2期,第87页。
[10] 参见贾宇:《日本200海里外大陆架划界案评析》,载《中国国际法年刊》2008年,第261页;张海文:《划定200海里外大陆架外部界限规则的形成和发展》,载《中国国际法年刊》2009年,第169页。
[11] Stein Tonnesson, Introduction, Ocean Development & International Law, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2001. 转引自李金明:《海洋法公约与南海领土争议》,载《南洋问题研究》2005年第2期,第85页。
[12] 参见赵理海:《关于南海诸岛的若干法律问题》,载《法制与社会发展》1995年第4期,第56页。
[13] 例如,美国学者查尼(Jonathan I. Charney)曾明确指出:“中国不是群岛国,因而不能适用群岛基线。” Jonathan I. Charney, Central East Asian Maritime Boundaries and the Law of the Sea, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 89, No. 4, 1995, p. 732.
[14] 参见周忠海:《论海洋法中的剩余权利》,载高之国等主编:《国际海洋法的新发展》,海洋出版社2005年版,第45页。
[15] See Tullio Scovazzi, The Evolution of International Law of the Sea: New Issues, New Challenges, Recueil des Cours (Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law),Vol. 286, 2000, p. 162.
[16] See Tullio Scovazzi, The Evolution of International Law of the Sea: New Issues, New Challenges, Recueil des Cours (Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law),Vol. 286, 2000, pp. 194-200.
[17] See Rosemary Collins and Daud Hassan, Applications and Shortcomings of the Law of the Sea in Combating Piracy: A South East Asian Perspective, Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Vol. 40, 2009, p. 3.
[18] See International Maritime Organization, Reports on Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships, available at www.imo.org/includes/blastDataonly.asp.
[19] 参见杨泽伟主编:《中国海上能源通道安全的法律保障》,武汉大学出版社2011年版,第4页。
[20] See Jason Power, Maritime Terrorism, A New Challenge for National and International Security, Barry Law Review, Spring 2008, pp. 122-124.
[21] See B. Dubner, The Law of International Sea Piracy, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1980, p. 58.
[22] 1958年《公海公约》规定,公海是指不属于一国领海或内水内的全部海域。而1982年《联合国海洋法公约》第86条给公海作了新的界定:公海是指“不包括在国家的专属经济区、领海或内水或群岛国的群岛水域内的全部海域”。可见,公海的范围明显地缩小了。
[23] 《公约》第100条“合作制止海盗行为的义务”规定:“所有国家应尽最大可能进行合作,以制止在公海上或在任何国家管辖范围以外的任何其他地方的海盗行为。”
[24] See Jonathan I. Charney, Central East Asian Maritime Boundaries and the Law of the Sea, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 89, No. 4, 1995, pp. 731-732.
[25] See Jonathan I. Charney, Central East Asian Maritime Boundaries and the Law of the Sea, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 89, No. 4, 1995, p. 743.
[26] See Robert Beckman, China, UNCLOS and the South China Sea, Asian Society of International Law Third Biennial Conference, Beijing, China 27-28 August 2011, p. 13.
[27] See Tullio Scovazzi, The Evolution of International Law of the Sea: New Issues, New Challenges, Recueil des Cours (Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law),Vol. 286, 2000, pp. 168-227.
[28] David Freestone and Alex G. Oude Elferink, Flexibility and Innovation in the Law of the Sea----Will the Los Convention Amendment Procedures Ever Be Used? In Alex G. Oude Elferink ed., Stability and Change in the Law of the Sea: The Role of the Los Convention, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2005, p. 204.转引自孔令杰:《的完善》,载《中国海洋法学评论》2010年第1期,第123页。
[29] 参见杨泽伟:《国际法》(第二版),高等教育出版社2012年版,第212页。
[30] See Tullio Scovazzi, The Evolution of International Law of the Sea: New Issues, New Challenges, Recueil des Cours (Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law),Vol. 286, 2000, pp. 129-147.
[31] 《“区域”内多金属结核探矿和勘探规章》,详见http://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/CH/Regs/MiningCode.pdf.
[32]《“区域”内多金属硫化物探矿和勘探规章》,详见http://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/CH/Regs/Ch-PMS.pdf.
[33] See Rupert Herbert and Lauren Zucker, Drawing the Line Between Piracy and Maritime Terrorism, Jane’s Intellience Review, Sept. 1, 2004, available at http: www. jir. janes. com.
[34] See Rosemary Collins and Daud Hassan, Applications and Shortcomings of the Law of the Sea in Combating Piracy: A South East Asian Perspective, Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Vol. 40, 2009, p. 15;参见杨泽伟主编:《中国海上能源通道安全的法律保障》,武汉大学出版社2011年版,第134-138页。
[35] See Timo Koivurova, A Note on the European Union’s Integrated Maritime Policy, Ocean Development and International Law, Vol.40, 2009, p. 172.
[36] 杨泽伟主编:《联合国改革的国际法问题研究》,武汉大学出版社2009年版,第39页。
[37] 2001年12月,俄罗斯向大陆架界限委员会提交了一份定界案。这是大陆架界限委员会收到的第一份定界案。
[38] 杨泽伟:《国际法》(第二版),高等教育出版社2012年版,第194页。
[39] See Tullio Scovazzi, The Evolution of International Law of the Sea: New Issues, New Challenges, Recueil des Cours (Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law),Vol. 286, 2000, p. 206.
[40] [阿尔及利亚]穆罕默德•贝贾维:《争取建立国际经济新秩序》,欣华等译,中国对外翻译出版公司1982年版,第85页。
[41] Tullio Scovazzi, The Evolution of International Law of the Sea: New Issues, New Challenges, Recueil des Cours (Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law),Vol. 286, 2000, p. 123.
[42] 参见梁西著、杨泽伟修订:《梁著国际组织法》,武汉大学出版社2011年版,第71页。
[43] 《刘振民大使在第64届联大全会关于“海洋和海洋法”议题的发言》(2009年12月4日),载《中国国际法年刊》(2009年),世界知识出版社2010年版,第333页。